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Notably, however, the unstable product flavan-3,3,4-triol ( 4 ) is converted mainly into the by-products epidihydroquercetin ( 9 ), dihydroquercetin ( 10 ) and quercetin ( 11) 13 , while the transformation into the coloured anthocyanidin has only been observed as a minor side reaction in vitro 11,12,13 or in vivo by engineered microorganisms 6,16

Aside from infectious diseases, medicines, and lifestyle choices, environmental risk factors have also been associated (10, 39), which we will now highlight as significant variables

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Because BCAT is not present in hepatocytes, dietary BCAA, as well as gut microbiota-derived BCAA, pass through the liver and are deaminated by BCAT in other tissues, predominantly within skeletal muscle