Relative contraindications requiring careful consideration and enhanced medical supervision include history of pancreatitis, severe gastrointestinal disease including gastroparesis, diabetic retinopathy (requires ophthalmologic monitoring during therapy), severe kidney disease, history of suicidal ideation or severe depression, gallbladder disease or history of cholecystitis, and age under 18 years
Mechanistically, HGF inhibits inflammatory M1-like macrophage production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF, CXCL1, CXCL10, and CCL2) by disrupting nuclear factor NF-B signaling (Giannopoulou et al., 2008) through the enhancement of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) transcriptional pathway and the inactivation of the GSK-3 pathway (Kamimoto et al., 2009a,b
Statistical significance was assessed using two-tailed unpaired t-tests with false discovery rate (FDR) correction using the two-stage step-up method of Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli (Q = 1%)
However, titrating with niclosamide reduces the ATP content as readily measured using assays for cell viability, such as Cell Titer Glo (30)
